要點六：連詞的分類

1、按連詞的構(gòu)成可將其分為以下幾類：1)簡單連詞，如and, if, or, because, but, so2)關(guān)聯(lián)連詞，如both … and …, not … but …, not only … but also …3)分詞連詞，如supposing, providing, provided, given4)短語連詞，如as if / through, even if / through, as / so long as1并列連詞，如and, but, or, nor, so, for, as well as, while, when, not only … but also …, both … and …, either … or …, neither … nor, therefore, yet, nevertheless, however等。它們用來連接平行的詞、詞組或分句。2從屬連詞，如after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if, even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as though, suppose (that), provided (that), in case (that), now (that), on condition (that), seeing that, so … that, such … that, as … as, so …as等。它們用來引導(dǎo)從句。在通常情況下，在肯定句中用and，相應(yīng)的否定句中則用or。如：He has brothers and sisters.

他有兄弟姐妹。He has no brothers or sisters.他既沒有兄弟也沒有姐妹。They sang and danced.

他們既唱歌又跳舞(即載歌載舞)。They didn’t sing or dance.

他們既沒有唱歌也沒有跳舞。但是，在某些特殊情況下，即使是否定句也得用and。如：Drivers must not drink and drive.

司機不準(zhǔn)酒后駕車。若將此句中的and改為or，反而不合理了：Drivers must not drink or drive.

司機不準(zhǔn)開車或飲酒。又如，漢語中有個成語叫“魚和熊掌不可兼得”，譯成英語是can’t have one’s cake and eat it，在該否定結(jié)構(gòu)中也應(yīng)用and，不用or，否則不合情理：You want a regular income but don’t want to work. Don’t forget: you can’t have your cake and eat it!

你既想有穩(wěn)定的收入，又不想工作。別忘了，魚和熊掌不可兼得呀!2. and和or在祈使句中的用法比較and和or均可用于祈使句后表示結(jié)果(即暗示后面的陳述句為前面祈使句的結(jié)果)，注意兩者意思不同：and意為“那么”，or意為“否則”。如：Study hard, and you will pass the exam.

努力學(xué)習(xí)，你考試會及格的。Study hard, or you will fail the exam.

努力學(xué)習(xí)，否則你考試會不及格。這類結(jié)構(gòu)通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成含條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句，如上面兩句可改寫成：If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

你若努力學(xué)習(xí)，考試會及格的。If you don’t study hard, you will fail the exam.

你若不努力學(xué)習(xí)，考試會不及格。注意，由于or的意思是“否則”，所以當(dāng)它前面的祈使句改寫成條件狀語從句時，謂語動詞要用否定式。又如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

快點，否則你就要遲到了。=If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.

要點八：并列連詞but的用法歸納

你若不快點，你就要遲到了。but一詞既可作連詞、介詞、副詞用，又有一些習(xí)慣搭配和固定用法，這里對but做連詞用法做一歸納。。例如：Our school is small but beautiful.

我們學(xué)校雖然小但很漂亮。(連接兩個形容詞，意思相對)The car is very old but it runs very fast.

雖然小汽車舊了，但跑得很快。She is young but very experienced.

她雖然年輕但經(jīng)驗豐富。It was a sunny but not very warm day.

那一天天氣晴朗，卻不太暖和。He drives not carefully but slowly.

2、并列連詞but用于not…but結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“不是……而是”

他開車不是很小心，而是開得很慢。按英語習(xí)慣，表示轉(zhuǎn)折的but不能與表示讓步的though或although套用，如：他們雖是孿生，但是相貌卻完全不同。誤：Although they are twins, but they look entirely different.正：They are twins, but they look entirely different.正：Although they are twins, they look entirely different.。例如：What I want is not this one, but that one.

我想要的不是這個，而是那個。Bamboo is not a tree, but a kind of grass.

竹不是一種樹，而是一種草。Travel to the moon is not a dream but an actual happening.

3、用于excuse me, I'm sorry表示歉意的話語之后，表示謝絕或不贊成

登月旅行已不是夢想而是現(xiàn)實事情了。。例如：I'm sorry, but I disagree with you.

對不起，我不同意你的意見。Sorry, but we're behind schedule.

抱歉，我們落在計劃后了。I'm frightfully sorry, but I can't see you today.

太對不起了，我今天不能見你。Excuse me, but I don't think that's quite true.

4、用于兩個并列的分句之間

很抱歉，我認(rèn)為這與事實略有出入。，例如：This isn't a good one but it will answer.

這不太好，但可以將就用。He looks honest, but actually he's a rogue.

他看起來很老實，實際他是一個壞蛋。She has had no answer to him but he gave no answer.

我向他說了早上好，但他沒有回應(yīng)。The ice remained, but there was no water underneath.

冰還在，但下面卻沒有水。Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first.

布朗夫人正要開始講話，珍妮先講了。At first he was a little shy, but now he acts more natural.

開始時他有些靦腆但現(xiàn)在他表現(xiàn)得很自然了。There was a little trouble at first, but things were soon quiet.

5、并列連詞but有時可用于表示異議、驚奇或吃驚等

起初有點小麻煩后來情況就平靜了。。如：“I'm getting married.” “But that's wonderful!”

6、并列連詞but用于否定詞語(尤其是never，有時也可能是not, no, hardly等)后，表示without the result that...或without it also being the case that...，其意為“而不產(chǎn)生…的結(jié)果；而不同時也…”，結(jié)合其前的否定詞通常譯為“一…就”“每…都會”“一…總會”“沒有…而不”。

“我快要結(jié)婚了。”“啊，那太好了!”如：It never rains but it pours.

不雨則已，一雨傾盆(指事情不發(fā)生則已，一旦發(fā)生則接踵而至，有時譯為“禍不單行”)。

You cannot look into the index but you will find the word.

你一查索引，就可以找到那個詞。

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